Fundamentals Indicator

Displaying fundamental metrics on charts

You can add the "Fundamentals" lower indicator via the Indicator menu. Once you add it, you can select which metric do you want to see.
This indicator has a few elements

1. The metric value per se. This is the line looking like ladder.
2. Each report is marked with a colorful dot, accompanied with a label explaining which quarter and year the report covers. The dot is green in case if at this quarter, the metric reported was better than in the previous quarter of the same year. It's red otherwise.
3. At each report, there's also a gray dot painted. This dot paints vaue of the same metric, as of the previous quarter of the same year. It has a label next to it, too.
4. If the metric has increased year over year then a green cloud will be present.
5. If the metric has increased year over year then a red cloud will be present.

You can disable Y/Y comparison, dots or color clouds if you don't want them.
This data can currently be used to create a scan, in the Smart Checklist and Stock Market Maps.

Comparing fundamentals of a company against its peers

On TrendSpider, you can see how a given company metric compares to its peers, for any fundamental metric based on a ratio. In example, you can see how P/B ratio of a given company compares to other companies in the same US economy sector (or the same US economy industry).
In order to do that, set the Compare to input parameter of your Fundamentals indicator to what you'd want to see. Comparison like that displays how value of this metric was distributed across a given benchmark universe, and also illustrates how this distribution was changing over time. Compare to adds a number of new elements onto your Fundamental data panel:

1. Median line. This is a median value of the corresponding metric for the universe you've selected. This line has a label which also explains which universe you are comparing against.
2. Min value to 25th percentile cloud. This cloud illustrates the range of values from minimal value to 25th percentile. Please remember that min/max/percentile values have purely mathematical meaning: disregarding of whether the meaning of a given metric is "the greater, the better" or "the less, the better", "minimal value" means "value which is mathematically the smallest of them all".
3. 25th percentile to 50th percentile (aka Median) cloud
4. 50th percentile to 75th percentile cloud
5. 75th percentile to max value cloud

Here's an example of how you read the result.

For Q2 2024, CSCO has reported P/B ratio of 1.837. This value falls into the "25th percentile to median" range of P/B values across the entire US economy industry of "Telecommunications Equipment". This means that in Q2 2024, around 50% to 75% of stocks in the same industry have reported P/B ratio greater than CSCO did. CSCO P/B is below the median for the industry, but not too much. One might say that it's fairly reasonable, if compared to peer companies.
In Q2 2022, P/B of CSCO was 2.48 and it was in the "median to 75th percetile" range. P/B of CSCO was less reasonable in Q2 2022 than it was in Q2 2024, if compared to its peers in the same US economy industry.

How we group reports for the purpose of computing distributions

In order to illustrate how benchmark values changed over time, we distribute all the earnings reports of stocks from the benchmark universe across a number of buckets. Each bucket is a group of 3 consequtive months. These buckets do not necessarily match calendar quarters, but they represent the overall picture fairly well. For every earnings report, we define "bucket it belongs to" as "consequtive 3 months which end at a month containing date of REPORT_DATE - 20 days". I.e., for a report released at 11th Jun, the bucket it belongs to will be defined as "Mar, Apr, May". All the reports falling into the same bucket are then used for the purpose of comparing metrics like min/max/median and such.

Custom Fundamental metrics (custom formulas)

You can also have the Fundamentals indicator displaying a value computed using your custom formula. Almost like you would do in Excel, start your formula by typing a = character, and then type in a mathematical expression using IDs of metrics as variable names. This feautre is currently available for charting only (you can't use that in scanner, in example). Here are a few examples fo formulas:

1. Revenue growth, year over year: =(revenue - revenue[4]) / revenue[4]. revenue[4] means "metric named revenue 4 records ago". One year has 4 quarters, so revenue[4] means "revenue at the same quarter of a previous year".
2. Total revenue for trailing 4 quarters: =sum(revenue, 4)
3. Revenue per shave: =revenue / shares_basic_bs

Besides of typical math operators, you can also do the following:

1. sum(metric, length) returns a sum of last length values of metric.
2. ma(metric, length) or avg(metric, length) returns a moving average of last length values of metric.
3. log(metric) or log(expression) returns a natural logarithm of what you pass to it.
4. ternary operator ?:, i.e., =rev > rev[1] ? rev: rev[1] will return max of "current revenue" or "previous quarter revenue".
5. min(metric, length) returns numerically minimal of the last length values of metric.
6. max(metric, length) returns numerically maximal value of the last length values of metric.
7. sqrt(metric) or sqrt(expression) returns a square root
8. ^ raises the first operand to the power of the second operand
9. x % y modulus

You can combine functions into mathematical expressions. In example, =ma(rev, 4) / ma(eps, 4) will work.
You can also refer to previous values of a metric by using a notation like metric[OFFSET]. I.e., revenue[1] refers to "revenue for the previous quarter" and =eps[4] refers to "EPS of the same quarter one year ago". You can't refer to past values of functions results though; =ma(rev, 4)[1] will not work.
Here are the IDs of fundamental metrics which you can use in your formulas. Some metrics have 2 IDs (long and short one), which you can use interchangeably

metric ID	metric name
accounts_notes_receivable	Accounts & Notes Receivable
accounts_payable	Accounts Payable
accounts_receivable_net	Accounts Receivable, Net
accrued_liabilities	Accrued Liabilities
additional_paid_in_capital	Additional Paid in Capital
cash_cash_equivalents	Cash & Cash Equivalents
cash_st_investments	Cash, Cash Equivalents & Short Term Investments
common_stock	Common Stock
current_portion_long_term_debt	Current Portion of Long Term Debt
deferred_revenue_short_term	Deferred Revenue (Short Term)
equity_before_minority_interest	Equity Before Minority Interest
goodwill	Goodwill
intangible_assets	Intangible Assets
inventories	Inventories
long_term_debt	Long Term Debt
long_term_investments	Long Term Investments
minority_interest_balance_sheet	Minority Interest
other_equity	Other Equity
other_long_term_assets	Other Long Term Assets
other_long_term_liabilities	Other Long Term Liabilities
other_payables_accruals	Other Payables & Accruals
other_short_term_assets	Other Short Term Assets
other_short_term_liabilities	Other Short Term Liabilities
payables_accruals	Payables & Accruals
preferred_equity	Preferred Equity
prepaid_expenses	Prepaid Expenses
pp_e_net	Property, Plant & Equipment, Net
retained_earnings	Retained Earnings
share_capital_additional_paid_in	Share Capital & Additional Paid-In Capital
shares_basic_bs	Shares (Basic)
shares_diluted_bs	Shares (Diluted)
short_term_debt	Short Term Debt
short_term_investments	Short Term Investments
total_assets	Total Assets
total_current_assets	Total Current Assets
total_current_liabilities	Total Current Liabilities
total_equity	Total Equity
total_liabilities	Total Liabilities
total_liabilities_equity	Total Liabilities & Equity
total_noncurrent_assets	Total Noncurrent Assets
total_noncurrent_liabilities	Total Noncurrent Liabilities
treasury_stock	Treasury Stock
gross_loans	Gross Loans
allowance_for_loan_losses	Allowance for Loan Losses
net_loans	Net Loans
total_deposits	Total Deposits
trading_assets	Trading Assets
trading_liabilities	Trading Liabilities
total_investments	Total Investments
claims_reserves	Claims Reserves
deferred_acquisition_costs	Deferred Acquisition Costs
reinsurance_contract_assets	Reinsurance Contract Assets
reinsurance_contract_liabilities	Reinsurance Contract Liabilities
acquisition_intangible_assets	Acquisition of Intangible Assets
cash_for_acquisition_subsidiaries	Cash for Acquisition of Subsidiaries
cash_from_repayment_debt	Cash from (Repayment of) Debt
cash_from_repayment_long_term_debt_net	Cash from (Repayment of) Long Term Debt, Net
cash_from_repayment_short_term_debt_net	Cash from (Repayment of) Short Term Debt, Net
cash_from_repurchase_equity	Cash from (Repurchase of) Equity
cash_from_long_term_debt	Cash from Long Term Debt
change_accounts_payable	Change in Accounts Payable
change_accounts_receivable	Change in Accounts Receivable
change_fixed_assets_intangibles	Change in Fixed Assets & Intangibles
change_inventories	Change in Inventories
change_working_capital	Change in Working Capital
decrease_capital_stock	Decrease in Capital Stock
depreciation_amortization_2	Depreciation & Amortization
disposition_fixed_assets	Disposition of Fixed Assets
dividends_paid	Dividends Paid
fx_rate_effect	Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates
increase_capital_stock	Increase in Capital Stock
net_cash_before_disc_operations_fx	Net Cash Before Disc. Operations and FX
net_cash_before_fx	Net Cash Before FX
net_cash_acquisitions_divestitures	Net Cash from Acquisitions & Divestitures
net_cash_divestitures	Net Cash from Divestitures
net_cash_financing_activities	Net Cash from Financing Activities
net_cash_investing_activities	Net Cash from Investing Activities
net_cash_operating_activities	Net Cash from Operating Activities
net_change_cash	Net Change in Cash
net_change_long_term_investment	Net Change in Long Term Investment
net_income_starting_line	Net Income/Starting Line
non_cash_items	Non-Cash Items
other_financing_activities	Other Financing Activities
other_investing_activities	Other Investing Activities
purchase_fixed_assets	Purchase of Fixed Assets
repayments_long_term_debt	Repayments of Long Term Debt
shares_basic_is	Shares (Basic)
shares_diluted_is	Shares (Diluted)
stock_based_compensation	Stock-Based Compensation
provision_credit_losses_cf	Provision for Credit Losses (Cash Flow)
net_change_deposits	Net Change in Deposits
net_change_loans_held_for_investment	Net Change in Loans Held for Investment
net_change_loans_held_for_sale	Net Change in Loans Held for Sale
net_change_securities_investments	Net Change in Securities & Investments
net_change_interbank_lending	Net Change in Interbank Lending
change_trading_assets	Change in Trading Assets
change_trading_liabilities	Change in Trading Liabilities
change_claims_reserves	Change in Claims Reserves
change_unearned_premiums	Change in Unearned Premiums
change_reinsurance_contract_assets	Change in Reinsurance Contract Assets
change_deferred_acquisition_costs	Change in Deferred Acquisition Costs
cash_roi	Cash Return On Invested Capital
current_ratio or cur	Current Ratio
debt_ratio	Debt Ratio
dividend_payout_ratio	Dividend Payout Ratio
dividends_per_share or dps	Dividends Per Share
eps_basic or eps	Earnings Per Share, Basic
eps_diluted	Earnings Per Share, Diluted
ebitda	EBITDA
equity_per_share or eqps	Equity Per Share
free_cash_flow or fcf	Free Cash Flow
fcf_per_share	Free Cash Flow Per Share
fcf_to_net_income	Free Cash Flow to Net Income
gross_profit_margin	Gross Profit Margin
liabilities_equity_ratio	Liabilities to Equity Ratio
net_debt_ebit	Net Debt / EBIT
net_debt_ebitda	Net Debt / EBITDA
net_profit_margin	Net Profit Margin
operating_margin	Operating Margin
piotroski_f_score OR pf`	Piotroski F-Score
return_on_assets or roa	Return on Assets
return_on_equity or roi	Return on Equity
return_on_invested_capital or roic	Return On Invested Capital
sales_per_share or sps	Sales Per Share
total_debt	Total Debt
quick_ratio	Quick Ratio
cash_ratio	Cash Ratio
debt_to_equity	Debt to Equity Ratio
long_term_debt_to_equity	Long Term Debt to Equity
total_debt_to_capitalization	Total Debt to Capitalization
cash_flow_to_debt_ratio	Cash Flow to Debt Ratio
net_debt	Net Debt
effective_tax_rate	Effective Tax Rate
ebitda_margin	EBITDA Margin
fcf_margin	Free Cash Flow Margin
pre_tax_profit_margin	Pre-Tax Profit Margin
ocf_to_sales	Operating Cash Flow to Sales
ocf_to_net_income	Operating Cash Flow to Net Income
asset_turnover	Asset Turnover
fixed_asset_turnover	Fixed Asset Turnover
return_on_capital_employed	Return on Capital Employed
return_on_tangible_assets	Return on Tangible Assets
days_inventory_outstanding	Days Inventory Outstanding
days_sales_outstanding	Days Sales Outstanding
days_payables_outstanding	Days Payables Outstanding
cash_conversion_cycle	Cash Conversion Cycle
operating_cycle	Operating Cycle
capex_to_revenue	CapEx to Revenue
capex_to_ocf	CapEx to Operating Cash Flow
capex_to_depreciation	CapEx to Depreciation
net_current_asset_value	Net Current Asset Value
goodwill_to_assets	Goodwill to Assets
intangibles_to_total_assets	Intangibles to Total Assets
tangible_book_value	Tangible Book Value
tangible_book_value_per_share	Tangible Book Value Per Share
ocf_per_share	Operating Cash Flow Per Share
cash_per_share	Cash Per Share
capex_per_share	CapEx Per Share
rd_to_revenue	R&D to Revenue
sga_to_revenue	SG&A to Revenue
sbc_to_revenue	Stock-Based Compensation to Revenue
nopat	Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT)
levered_free_cash_flow	Levered Free Cash Flow
unlevered_free_cash_flow	Unlevered Free Cash Flow
ebit_to_interest_expense	EBIT to Interest Expense
ebitda_to_interest_expense	EBITDA to Interest Expense
ebitda_minus_capex_to_interest_expense	EBITDA Minus CapEx to Interest Expense
net_interest_income_growth_1y	Net Interest Income Growth (1 Year)
net_interest_income_growth_3y	Net Interest Income Growth (3 Year)
non_interest_income_growth_1y	Non-Interest Income Growth (1 Year)
non_interest_income_growth_3y	Non-Interest Income Growth (3 Year)
gross_loans_growth_1y	Gross Loans Growth (1 Year)
gross_loans_growth_3y	Gross Loans Growth (3 Year)
net_loans_growth_1y	Net Loans Growth (1 Year)
net_loans_growth_3y	Net Loans Growth (3 Year)
provision_loan_losses_growth_1y	Provision for Loan Losses Growth (1 Year)
provision_loan_losses_growth_3y	Provision for Loan Losses Growth (3 Year)
altman_z_score or alz	Altman Z Score
book_to_market_value or bm	Book to Market Value
enterprise_value or ev	Enterprise Value
ev_ebitda	EV/EBITDA
ev_fcf	EV/FCF
ev_sales	EV/Sales
market_cap or mcap	Market-Cap
operating_income_ev	Operating Income/EV
price_to_book_value or pb	Price to Book Value
pe_ratio_quarterly or pe_q	Price to Earnings Ratio (quarterly)
pe_ratio_ttm or pe_ttm	Price to Earnings Ratio (ttm)
pfcf_ratio_quarterly or pfcf_rq	Price to Free Cash Flow (quarterly)
pfcf_ratio_ttm or pfcf_ttm	Price to Free Cash Flow (ttm)
ps_ratio_quarterly or ps_q	Price to Sales Ratio (quarterly)
ps_ratio_ttm or ps_ttm	Price to Sales Ratio (ttm)
dividend_yield	Dividend Yield
buyback_yield	Buyback Yield
debt_paydown_yield	Debt Paydown Yield
shareholder_yield	Shareholder Yield
price_to_ocf	Price to Operating Cash Flow
price_to_gross_profit	Price to Gross Profit
ev_ebit	EV/EBIT
ev_ocf	EV/OCF
ev_gross_profit	EV/Gross Profit
cost_revenue	Cost of Revenue
depreciation_amortization_1	Depreciation & Amortization
discontinued_operations_inc_statement	Discontinued Operations
gross_profit	Gross Profit
income_loss_continuing_operations	Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations
income_loss_minority_interest	Income (Loss) Incl. Minority Interest
income_tax_expense_benefit_net	Income Tax (Expense) Benefit, Net
interest_expense	Interest Expense
interest_expense_net	Interest Expense, Net
interest_income	Interest Income
minority_interest_inc_statement	Minority Interest
net_income	Net Income
net_income_common	Net Income (Common)
non_operating_income_loss	Non-Operating Income (Loss)
operating_expenses	Operating Expenses
operating_income_loss	Operating Income (Loss)
other_non_operating_income_loss	Other Non-Operating Income (Loss)
preferred_dividends	Preferred Dividends
pretax_income_loss	Pretax Income (Loss)
pretax_income_loss_adj	Pretax Income (Loss), Adj.
research_development	Research & Development
revenue	Revenue
sga	Selling, General & Administrative
shares_basic_cf	Shares (Basic)
shares_diluted_cf	Shares (Diluted)
net_interest_income	Net Interest Income
non_interest_income	Non-Interest Income
provision_for_credit_losses	Provision for Credit Losses
total_non_interest_expense	Total Non-Interest Expense
compensation_expenses	Compensation Expenses
net_revenue_after_provisions	Net Revenue After Provisions
net_premiums_earned	Net Premiums Earned
insurance_benefits_claims	Insurance Benefits & Claims
investment_income	Investment Income
net_gains_losses_on_investments	Net Gains (Losses) on Investments
policy_amortization_costs	Policy Amortization Costs
investment_expense	Investment Expense

Fundamental metrics supported

Accounts & Notes Receivable

Accounts & Notes Receivable represent amounts due from customers or other parties for goods or services delivered on credit. They are used to assess liquidity and credit policy efficiency. These are found on the Balance Sheet as a current asset.

Accounts Payable

Accounts Payable is the amount owed to suppliers and creditors for goods or services received but not yet paid for. This metric evaluates short-term liquidity and the management of short-term obligations. It is reported on the Balance Sheet as a current liability.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts Receivable, Net is the money owed to a company by its customers after accounting for allowances for doubtful accounts. It provides insight into credit policy effectiveness and the likelihood of receivable collection. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a current asset.

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued Liabilities are expenses incurred but not yet paid, such as wages, taxes, and interest. They help understand a company's current liabilities and short-term obligations. These are reported on the Balance Sheet as a current liability.

Acquisition of Intangible Assets

Acquisition of Intangible Assets measures spending on acquiring non-physical assets like patents and trademarks. It evaluates strategic investments driving future profitability. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Additional Paid in Capital

Additional Paid in Capital represents the amount received from shareholders above the par value of the stock. It indicates the premium investors are willing to pay over the nominal share value. This is found on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Allowance for Loan Losses is a reserve set aside to cover loans that are expected to go unpaid. It is used to assess how conservatively a lender is provisioning for credit risk in its loan book. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a contra-asset that reduces Gross Loans.

Altman Z Score

The Altman Z Score is a financial metric used to predict the likelihood of bankruptcy within the next two years. Developed by Edward Altman in 1968, the Z Score combines five key financial ratios using a multivariate formula to assess a company's financial health. The five components are:

1. Working Capital / Total Assets: Measures liquidity and the company's ability to cover short-term obligations.
2. Retained Earnings / Total Assets: Indicates profitability and the company's ability to reinvest earnings.
3. Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Total Assets: Assesses operational efficiency and earnings generation.
4. Market Value of Equity / Total Liabilities: Evaluates financial leverage and market perception of financial stability.
5. Sales / Total Assets: Measures asset efficiency and turnover.

The formula for the Altman Z Score is: Z=1.2(T1)+1.4(T2)+3.3(T3)+0.6(T4)+0.999(T5)

• T1T1T1= Working Capital / Total Assets
• T2T2T2= Retained Earnings / Total Assets
• T3T3T3= EBIT / Total Assets
• T4T4T4= Market Value of Equity / Total Liabilities
• T5T5T5= Sales / Total Assets

Interpretation of Altman Z Score:

• Z > 2.99: The company is considered safe and unlikely to face bankruptcy.
• 1.81 < Z < 2.99: The company is in a gray zone, indicating moderate risk.
• Z < 1.81: The company is at high risk of bankruptcy and financial distress.

The Altman Z Score is widely used by investors, creditors, and analysts to assess financial stability and predict the likelihood of bankruptcy. It is particularly useful for identifying companies in financial distress, making it an essential tool for risk management and investment decision-making. This metric is calculated using various data from the Balance Sheet and Income Statement.

Asset Turnover

Asset Turnover is total revenue divided by total assets, measuring how efficiently a company uses its asset base to generate sales. Higher values indicate more efficient asset utilization. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Book to Market Value

Book to Market Value is the ratio of a company's book value to its market value. It determines whether a stock is undervalued or overvalued compared to its intrinsic worth. Book value is reported on the Balance Sheet, while market value is determined by stock price.

Buyback Yield

Buyback Yield is the net value of share repurchases divided by market capitalization, showing the return delivered to shareholders through buybacks. Positive values indicate net share count reduction, which boosts per-share metrics. This is a calculated metric using cash flow statement data and market price.

CapEx Per Share

CapEx Per Share is capital expenditures divided by shares outstanding, providing a per-share measure of reinvestment in the business. It is used alongside cash flow per share to assess per-share free cash generation. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

CapEx to Depreciation

CapEx to Depreciation compares capital expenditures to depreciation expense. Values above 1 suggest the company is growing its asset base, while values below 1 can indicate underinvestment or a maturing business. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.

CapEx to Operating Cash Flow

CapEx to Operating Cash Flow is capital expenditures divided by operating cash flow, showing what portion of internally generated cash is consumed by reinvestment. Lower values leave more cash available for dividends, buybacks, and debt paydown. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement.

CapEx to Revenue

CapEx to Revenue is capital expenditures divided by total revenue, showing how much of each sales dollar is reinvested in fixed assets. It is used to assess capital intensity and compare reinvestment needs across companies. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.

Cash & Cash Equivalents

Cash & Cash Equivalents represent the company's most liquid assets, including cash and short-term investments. They assess liquidity and ability to meet short-term obligations. These are reported on the Balance Sheet as a current asset.

Cash, Cash Equivalents & Short Term Investments

Represents the total of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments that can be quickly converted to cash. Assesses liquidity and ability to meet immediate financial obligations. These are reported on the Balance Sheet as a current asset.

Cash Conversion Cycle

The Cash Conversion Cycle measures the number of days between paying for inputs and collecting cash from customers, calculated as DIO plus DSO minus DPO. Shorter cycles indicate more efficient working capital management, and negative cycles mean suppliers effectively fund operations. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Cash Flow to Debt Ratio

The Cash Flow to Debt Ratio measures operating cash flow relative to total debt, assessing how quickly a company could retire its debt using cash generated from operations. Higher values indicate stronger debt coverage. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

Cash for Acquisition of Subsidiaries

Cash for Acquisition of Subsidiaries measures cash outflow for acquiring subsidiary companies. It assesses growth strategy through acquisitions. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Cash from Long Term Debt

Cash from Long Term Debt measures cash inflows from issuing long-term debt. It provides insights into long-term financing activities and capital structure. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Cash from (Repayment of) Debt

Cash from (Repayment of) Debt measures cash inflows from issuing debt and outflows for repaying debt. It assesses debt management and financial strategy. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Cash from (Repayment of) Long Term Debt, Net

Cash from (Repayment of) Long Term Debt, Net tracks net cash inflow or outflow from issuing and repaying long-term debt. It provides insights into long-term financial planning and debt management. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Cash from (Repayment of) Short Term Debt, Net

Cash from (Repayment of) Short Term Debt, Net measures net cash flow from short-term debt issuance and repayment. It assesses short-term financial stability and liquidity. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Cash from (Repurchase of) Equity

Tracks the cash used to repurchase shares of the company's stock. Evaluate's a company's strategy to return value to shareholders and manage equity levels. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Cash Per Share

Cash Per Share is cash and cash equivalents divided by shares outstanding, showing the cash backing behind each share. It is used to assess downside protection and balance sheet strength on a per-share basis. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Cash Ratio

The Cash Ratio measures a company's ability to cover its current liabilities using only cash and cash equivalents. It is the most conservative liquidity ratio, ignoring receivables and inventory entirely. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Cash Return On Invested Capital

Cash Return on Invested Capital (CROIC) measures cash returns generated on capital invested in the business. It evaluates the efficiency and profitability of capital investments. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

Change in Accounts Payable

Represents the change in the amount a company owes to suppliers and creditors. It helps understand changes in short-term liabilities and cash flow. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under changes in working capital.

Change in Accounts Receivable

Measures the change in the amount of money owed to a company by its customers. Evaluates the effectiveness of credit policies and cash flow management. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under changes in working capital.

Change in Claims Reserves

Change in Claims Reserves measures the increase or decrease in an insurer's reserves for unpaid claims during the period. This metric is used to assess whether an insurer is building or releasing reserves, which affects reported earnings quality. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities for insurance companies.

Change in Deferred Acquisition Costs

Change in Deferred Acquisition Costs measures the increase or decrease in capitalized policy acquisition costs during the period. This metric is used to assess the pace of new business acquisition relative to the amortization of prior acquisition spend. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities for insurance companies.

Change in Fixed Assets & Intangibles

Represents the net change in the value of a company's fixed assets and intangible assets over a specified period. Assesses capital expenditures and the value derived from intangible assets. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Change in Inventories

Measures the difference in the value of inventories at the beginning and end of a reporting period. Evaluates inventory management efficiency, impact on working capital, and alignment between production and sales. This is found on the Cash Flow Statement under changes in working capital.

Change in Reinsurance Contract Assets

Change in Reinsurance Contract Assets measures the increase or decrease in amounts recoverable from reinsurers during the period. This metric is used to assess shifts in how much risk an insurer is ceding to reinsurers. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities for insurance companies.

Change in Trading Assets

Change in Trading Assets measures the increase or decrease in a firm's trading asset positions during the period. This metric is used to assess how much capital is flowing into or out of the trading book. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Change in Trading Liabilities

Change in Trading Liabilities measures the increase or decrease in obligations arising from trading activities during the period. This metric is used to assess shifts in the liability side of the trading book. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Change in Unearned Premiums

Change in Unearned Premiums measures the increase or decrease in premiums collected but not yet earned during the period. This metric is used to assess growth in an insurer's written business relative to earned business. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities for insurance companies.

Change in Working Capital

Measures the difference between current assets and current liabilities over a reporting period. Evaluates short-term liquidity, operational efficiency, and financial health. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under changes in working capital.

Claims Reserves

Claims Reserves represent the amount an insurer sets aside to pay claims that have been incurred but not yet settled. This metric is used to assess an insurer's future claim obligations and reserving discipline. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a liability for insurance companies.

Common Stock

Represents equity ownership in a company, giving shareholders voting rights and a residual claim on assets and earnings. Assesses the equity base and shareholder structure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Compensation Expenses

Compensation Expenses include salaries, benefits, and incentive pay for employees. This metric is used to assess labor cost intensity, and it is typically the largest expense line for banks and financial firms. This is reported on the Income Statement under operating or non-interest expenses.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of Revenue includes all costs directly tied to the production of goods or services sold by a company. It is used to calculate gross profit and assess the efficiency of production and service delivery. This is reported on the Income Statement under cost of revenue.

Current Portion of Long-Term Debt

The Current Portion of Long Term Debt is the part of long-term debt that is due within the next 12 months. It assesses short-term liquidity and upcoming debt obligations. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a current liability.

Current Ratio

The Current Ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations with its current assets. It evaluates the short-term financial health and liquidity of a company. This is a calculated metric, not directly reported; it is calculated using current assets and current liabilities from the balance sheet.

Days Inventory Outstanding

Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) measures the average number of days a company holds inventory before selling it. Lower values indicate faster inventory turnover and more efficient working capital management. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Days Payables Outstanding

Days Payables Outstanding (DPO) measures the average number of days a company takes to pay its suppliers. Higher values mean the company holds onto cash longer, though excessively high values can strain supplier relationships. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Days Sales Outstanding

Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) measures the average number of days it takes a company to collect payment after a sale. Lower values indicate faster collections and stronger cash conversion. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Debt Paydown Yield

Debt Paydown Yield is the net debt reduction during a period divided by market capitalization, showing the return delivered to shareholders through deleveraging. It captures value transfer from debt holders to equity holders. This is a calculated metric using balance sheet or cash flow data and market price.

Debt Ratio

The Debt Ratio measures the proportion of a company's total debt to its total assets. It assesses financial leverage and long-term solvency. This is a calculated metric, not directly reported; it is calculated using total debt and total assets from the balance sheet.

Debt to Equity Ratio

The Debt to Equity Ratio measures a company's total debt relative to its shareholders' equity, assessing how much of the business is financed with debt versus owner capital. Higher values indicate greater financial leverage and risk. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Decrease in Capital Stock

The Decrease in Capital Stock represents the reduction in the number of shares outstanding due to buybacks or cancellations. It assesses the impact of capital stock reduction on shareholder equity and earnings per share. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Deferred Acquisition Costs

Deferred Acquisition Costs (DAC) represent the costs of acquiring new insurance policies, such as commissions, that are capitalized and expensed over the life of the policies. This metric is used to assess how much an insurer has invested in acquiring its book of business. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset for insurance companies.

Deferred Revenue (Short Term)

Deferred Revenue (Short Term) refers to payments received in advance for goods or services to be delivered within the next 12 months. It evaluates short-term obligations and future revenue recognition. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a current liability.

Depreciation & Amortization

Depreciation & Amortization are non-cash expenses that allocate the cost of tangible and intangible assets over their useful lives. They assess the aging of assets, their remaining useful life, and impacts on profitability. These are reported on the Income Statement as operating expenses.

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued Operations represent the financial results of a component of a company that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale. They separate the financial performance of ongoing operations from those that are discontinued for clearer analysis. This is reported separately on the Income Statement under discontinued operations.

Disposition of Fixed Assets

Disposition of Fixed Assets involves the process of selling or otherwise disposing of fixed assets. It evaluates changes in the company's asset base and capital structure. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Dividend Payout Ratio

The Dividend Payout Ratio is the percentage of earnings distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends. It assesses the sustainability of dividends and the company's reinvestment strategy. This is a calculated metric, not directly reported; it is calculated using earnings and dividends paid from the income statement.

Dividend Yield

Dividend Yield is annual dividends per share divided by the share price, showing the cash income return an investor receives from dividends. It is used to compare income potential across stocks and against bond yields. This is a calculated metric using dividend data and market price.

Dividends Paid

Dividends Paid represent the total amount of dividends distributed to shareholders during a reporting period. It evaluates the company's commitment to returning profits to shareholders and its impact on retained earnings. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Dividends Per Share

Dividends Per Share is the amount of dividend paid per share of common stock. It measures the return on investment for shareholders and the attractiveness of the stock. This is a calculated metric, not directly reported; it is calculated using total dividends paid and the number of shares outstanding.

Earnings Per Share, Basic

Earnings Per Share, Basic is net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. It measures the profitability of a company on a per-share basis and is used by investors to gauge performance. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Earnings Per Share, Diluted

Earnings Per Share, Diluted is net income divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, considering all convertible securities. It provides a more conservative measure of earnings per share, accounting for potential dilution from convertible securities. This is reported on the Income Statement.

EBIT to Interest Expense

EBIT to Interest Expense, also known as the interest coverage ratio, measures how many times operating earnings cover interest payments. Higher values indicate a safer debt load, while values near or below 1 signal financial distress risk. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

EBITDA

EBITDA stands for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization. It is a measure of a company's operating performance and is used to assess the ability to generate earnings from operations, excluding non-operating expenses. This is a calculated metric, not directly reported; it is calculated using data from the income statement.

EBITDA Margin

EBITDA Margin is EBITDA divided by total revenue, showing the percentage of revenue converted into operating earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. It is used to compare operating profitability across companies with different capital structures. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

EBITDA Minus CapEx to Interest Expense

EBITDA Minus CapEx to Interest Expense measures interest coverage after subtracting capital expenditures from EBITDA. It is a stricter coverage test that accounts for the reinvestment required to sustain the business. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and cash flow statement.

EBITDA to Interest Expense

EBITDA to Interest Expense measures how many times earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization cover interest payments. It is a more lenient coverage measure than EBIT coverage because it adds back non-cash charges. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates

The Effect of Foreign Exchange Rates measures the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on a company's financial statements. It assesses the exposure and sensitivity of a company's earnings to currency fluctuations. This is reported on the Income Statement under other comprehensive income or non-operating income.

Effective Tax Rate

The Effective Tax Rate is income tax expense divided by pretax income, showing the percentage of profits a company actually pays in taxes. It is used to assess tax efficiency and compare tax burdens across companies. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Enterprise Value

Enterprise Value (EV) is a measure of a company's total value, including market capitalization, debt, and minus cash.

Equity Before Minority Interest

Equity Before Minority Interest is the value of a company's equity excluding minority interest, reflecting the ownership of shareholders. It is used to evaluate the financial health and net worth of the company. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Equity Per Share

Equity Per Share represents the value of a company's equity allocated to each outstanding share. It is used to assess the intrinsic value of a share and compare it with the market price. This is a calculated metric using data from the Balance Sheet.

EV/EBIT

EV/EBIT is a valuation multiple comparing Enterprise Value (EV) to Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Unlike EV/EBITDA, it accounts for depreciation, making it better suited to comparing capital-intensive businesses. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

EV/EBITDA

EV/EBITDA is a valuation multiple comparing Enterprise Value (EV) to Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA). It is used to measure a company's overall financial performance and value. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

EV/FCF

EV/FCF compares Enterprise Value (EV) to Free Cash Flow (FCF), assessing a company's valuation against its ability to generate cash. It helps in evaluating investment attractiveness and financial health. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

EV/Gross Profit

EV/Gross Profit is a valuation multiple comparing Enterprise Value (EV) to gross profit. It is useful for valuing companies where operating expenses are still scaling and bottom-line multiples are not meaningful. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

EV/OCF

EV/OCF is a valuation multiple comparing Enterprise Value (EV) to operating cash flow. It measures how the whole business is valued relative to the cash its operations generate, independent of capital structure. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

EV/Sales

EV/Sales compares Enterprise Value (EV) to total sales, indicating how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of sales. It is used to value companies with different capital structures. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Fixed Asset Turnover

Fixed Asset Turnover is total revenue divided by net property, plant and equipment, measuring how efficiently a company generates sales from its fixed assets. It is most useful for comparing capital-intensive businesses. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow (FCF) is the cash generated by a company after accounting for capital expenditures. It evaluates the ability to generate cash for expansion, dividends, and debt repayment. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement.

Free Cash Flow Margin

Free Cash Flow Margin is Free Cash Flow divided by total revenue, showing the percentage of revenue converted into cash after capital expenditures. It is used to assess the cash efficiency of the business model. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.

Free Cash Flow Per Share

Free Cash Flow Per Share represents Free Cash Flow divided by the number of outstanding shares. It assesses the cash flow available to each share,used for investment decisions. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and the balance sheet.

Free Cash Flow to Net Income

Free Cash Flow to Net Income is the ratio of Free Cash Flow to Net Income, evaluating cash generation efficiency relative to reported profits. It provides insights into the quality of earnings. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and the income statement.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess value paid over the fair value of an acquired company's net assets. It represents the value of brand reputation, customer relationships, and other intangible assets. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under intangible assets.

Goodwill to Assets

Goodwill to Assets is goodwill divided by total assets, showing how much of the balance sheet consists of acquisition premiums. High values indicate an acquisition-heavy history and potential impairment risk. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Gross Loans

Gross Loans represent the total value of loans a bank or lender has issued to customers before deducting the allowance for loan losses. This metric is used to assess the size of a lender's loan book and its lending growth. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset for banks and lending institutions.

Gross Loans Growth (1 Year)

Gross Loans Growth (1 Year) measures the year-over-year percentage change in a lender's gross loan book. It is used to assess lending momentum, with unusually fast growth sometimes flagging loosening credit standards. This is a calculated metric using balance sheet data for banks and lenders.

Gross Loans Growth (3 Year)

Gross Loans Growth (3 Year) measures the percentage change in a lender's gross loan book over a three-year period. It is used to assess the longer-term pace of balance sheet expansion. This is a calculated metric using balance sheet data for banks and lenders.

Gross Profit

Gross Profit is the difference between sales revenue and the cost of goods sold, indicating the core profitability of production. It is used to assess business efficiency and pricing strategy. This is reported on the Income Statement under gross profit.

Gross Profit Margin

Gross Profit Margin is the ratio of Gross Profit to sales revenue, showing the percentage of revenue retained as profit after production costs. It evaluates production efficiency and profitability. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations

Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations represents the profit or loss from a company's core business activities, excluding discontinued operations. It evaluates ongoing operational performance. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Income (Loss) Incl. Minority Interest

Income (Loss) Including Minority Interest represents the net income attributable to both the parent company and minority shareholders. It assesses overall profitability. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit, Net

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit, Net, is the total tax expense or benefit for the period, reflecting the company's tax obligations and management. This is reported on the Income Statement under income tax expense.

Increase in Capital Stock

An increase in Capital Stock measures the additional equity raised through issuing new shares. It evaluates the company's capital-raising activities and impact on equity structure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Insurance Benefits & Claims

Insurance Benefits & Claims represent the amounts an insurer pays or expects to pay policyholders for covered losses during the period. It is the largest cost line for most insurers and drives the loss ratio. This is reported on the Income Statement for insurance companies.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets are non-physical assets such as patents, trademarks, and goodwill, representing the company's intellectual property and competitive advantage. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under intangible assets.

Intangibles to Total Assets

Intangibles to Total Assets measures intangible assets as a percentage of total assets. It is used to assess how much of a company's asset base is non-physical and to gauge the quality of book value. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Interest Expense

Interest Expense represents the cost of borrowing funds, assessing the financial burden of debt. This is reported on the Income Statement under non-operating expenses.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest Expense, Net, is the interest expense minus interest income, evaluating the net cost of borrowing. This is reported on the Income Statement under non-operating expenses.

Interest Income

Interest Income is the revenue earned from investments in interest-bearing assets, assessing the profitability of financial investments. This is reported on the Income Statement under non-operating income.

Inventories

Inventories are raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods held for sale, assessing production efficiency and sales potential. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current assets.

Investment Expense

Investment Expense includes the costs of managing a company's investment portfolio, such as advisory fees and custody costs. It is used to assess the net yield actually earned on invested assets. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Investment Income

Investment Income is the income generated from a company's investment portfolio, including interest, dividends, and rental income. For insurers, it is a major profit source alongside underwriting. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Levered Free Cash Flow

Levered Free Cash Flow is the cash remaining after a company has met all financial obligations, including interest and debt payments, and funded capital expenditures. It represents cash available to equity holders. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement.

Liabilities to Equity Ratio

Liabilities to Equity Ratio measures the proportion of a company's total liabilities to its total equity, assessing financial leverage. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Long Term Debt

Long Term Debt includes loans and financial obligations due after one year, assessing the company's long-term financial structure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under long-term liabilities.

Long Term Debt to Equity

Long Term Debt to Equity measures a company's long-term debt relative to its shareholders' equity. It isolates long-dated leverage from short-term borrowings to assess the durability of the capital structure. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Long Term Investments

Long Term Investments are assets held for more than one year, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, reflecting the company's long-term growth strategy. They are used to evaluate the sustainability and potential return on investments. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under long-term assets.

Market-Cap

Market cap, or Market Capitalization, is the total market value of a company's outstanding shares. It is used to determine the company's size and investment potential. This is a calculated metric using the stock price and shares outstanding, not directly reported on financial statements.

Minority Interest

Minority Interest represents the portion of a subsidiary not owned by the parent company, reflecting the minority shareholders' share of the subsidiary's net assets. It is used to evaluate the financial performance attributable to minority shareholders. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Net Cash Before Disc. Operations and FX

Net Cash Before Discontinued Operations and FX represents the company's cash flow from core operations, excluding discontinued operations and foreign exchange effects. It is used to assess cash flow from ongoing activities. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Net Cash Before FX

Net Cash Before FX represents the company's cash flow excluding the effects of foreign exchange rates. It is used to assess cash flow without currency fluctuation impacts. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Net Cash from Acquisitions & Divestitures

Net Cash from Acquisitions & Divestitures includes cash flows related to acquiring and divesting businesses, assessing the impact of these activities on cash flow. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Net Cash from Divestitures

Net Cash from Divestitures includes cash received from selling parts of the business, and evaluating the impact of divestment activities on cash flow. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Net Cash from Financing Activities

Net Cash from Financing Activities includes cash flows from transactions with shareholders and creditors, such as issuing or repaying debt and equity. It is used to assess the impact of financing activities on cash flow. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Net Cash from Investing Activities

Net Cash from Investing Activities includes cash flows from acquiring and disposing of long-term assets and investments. It is used to assess the impact of investment activities on cash flow. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Net Cash from Operating Activities

Net Cash from Operating Activities includes cash flows from the core business operations, such as receipts from customers and payments to suppliers and employees. It is used to assess the sustainability of cash flow from regular business activities. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Net Change in Cash

Net Change in Cash represents the overall increase or decrease in cash and cash equivalents during a period. It is used to assess the company's cash flow management. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under the reconciliation of cash balances.

Net Change in Deposits

Net Change in Deposits measures the increase or decrease in customer deposits during the period. This metric is used to assess whether a bank is growing or losing its core funding base. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement, typically under financing or operating activities for banks.

Net Change in Interbank Lending

Net Change in Interbank Lending measures the net cash impact of loans made to and repaid by other banks. This metric is used to assess a bank's activity in the interbank funding market and its short-term liquidity management. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement for banks.

Net Change in Loans Held for Investment

Net Change in Loans Held for Investment measures the net cash impact of originating and collecting loans the bank intends to hold to maturity. This metric is used to assess growth of the core loan book. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities for banks.

Net Change in Loans Held for Sale

Net Change in Loans Held for Sale measures the net cash impact of originating and selling loans the bank intends to sell, such as mortgages destined for securitization. This metric is used to assess the volume of a lender's originate-to-sell activity. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement, typically under operating activities for banks.

Net Change in Long-Term Investment

Net Change in Long Term Investment includes the net increase or decrease in long-term investments, reflecting changes in the company's investment strategy. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Net Change in Securities & Investments

Net Change in Securities & Investments measures the net cash impact of purchasing and selling investment securities during the period. This metric is used to assess shifts in a company's investment portfolio. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Net Current Asset Value

Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) is current assets minus total liabilities, a conservative liquidation-style measure popularized by Benjamin Graham. Stocks trading below NCAV are classic deep value candidates. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Net Debt

Net Debt is total debt minus cash and cash equivalents, representing the debt burden that remains after applying available cash. It is used to assess true leverage and is a core input to enterprise value. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Net Debt / EBIT

Net Debt / EBIT is a leverage ratio comparing net debt to Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). It is used to evaluate the company's ability to pay off its debt with its operating earnings. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Net Debt / EBITDA

Net Debt / EBITDA is a leverage ratio comparing net debt to Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA). It is used to assess the company's ability to pay off its debt with its operational cash flow. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Net Gains (Losses) on Investments

Net Gains (Losses) on Investments represent realized and unrealized gains or losses from a company's investment portfolio during the period. This metric is used to separate market-driven results from underwriting or operating performance. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Net Income

Net Income is the total profit of a company after all expenses, taxes, and costs have been deducted from total revenue. It is used to assess overall profitability. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Net Income (Common)

Net Income (Common) is the portion of net income attributable to common shareholders, excluding preferred dividends. It is used to calculate earnings per share and assess profitability available to common shareholders. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Net Income/Starting Line

Net Income/Starting Line is the total net income reported at the beginning of the financial statements, reflecting the initial profit or loss. It is used to compare the starting net income with the ending net income for trend analysis. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Net Interest Income

Net Interest Income is the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. It is the core revenue driver for banks and reflects the spread earned on the balance sheet. This is reported on the Income Statement for banks and lending institutions.

Net Interest Income Growth (1 Year)

Net Interest Income Growth (1 Year) measures the year-over-year percentage change in a bank's net interest income. It is used to assess how a bank's core lending profitability is trending. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks.

Net Interest Income Growth (3 Year)

Net Interest Income Growth (3 Year) measures the percentage change in a bank's net interest income over a three-year period. It is used to assess the longer-term trajectory of core lending profitability through rate cycles. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks.

Net Loans

Net Loans represent Gross Loans minus the Allowance for Loan Losses, reflecting the carrying value of the loan book the lender expects to collect. This metric is used to assess the true earning asset base of a bank. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset for banks and lending institutions.

Net Loans Growth (1 Year)

Net Loans Growth (1 Year) measures the year-over-year percentage change in a lender's loan book net of loss allowances. It is used to assess growth in the earning loan base after credit provisioning. This is a calculated metric using balance sheet data for banks and lenders.

Net Loans Growth (3 Year)

Net Loans Growth (3 Year) measures the percentage change in a lender's net loan book over a three-year period. It is used to assess the longer-term growth of the earning loan base. This is a calculated metric using balance sheet data for banks and lenders.

Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT)

Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) is operating income adjusted for taxes, representing the profit a company would generate if it had no debt. It is used as the numerator in ROIC and as a cleaner measure of core operating profitability. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Net Premiums Earned

Net Premiums Earned represent the portion of premiums an insurer has earned during the period, net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. It is the core revenue line for insurance companies. This is reported on the Income Statement for insurers.

Net Profit Margin

Net Profit Margin is the ratio of net income to total revenue, showing the percentage of revenue that translates into profit. It is used to assess profitability and cost management. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Net Revenue After Provisions

Net Revenue After Provisions is a bank's total revenue after subtracting the provision for credit losses. It is used to assess revenue generation net of the cost of credit risk taken to produce it. This is reported on the Income Statement for banks.

Non-Cash Items

Non-Cash Items are expenses or revenues recognized in the income statement that do not involve actual cash transactions, such as depreciation or stock-based compensation. They are used to understand the impact of non-cash transactions on profitability. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Non-Interest Income

Non-Interest Income is revenue a bank earns from sources other than lending, such as fees, service charges, trading, and wealth management. It is used to assess revenue diversification beyond interest rate spreads. This is reported on the Income Statement for banks.

Non-Interest Income Growth (1 Year)

Non-Interest Income Growth (1 Year) measures the year-over-year percentage change in a bank's fee-based and other non-interest revenue. It is used to assess growth in revenue streams that are less sensitive to interest rates. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks.

Non-Interest Income Growth (3 Year)

Non-Interest Income Growth (3 Year) measures the percentage change in a bank's non-interest income over a three-year period. It is used to assess the longer-term diversification of a bank's revenue mix. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks.

Non-Operating Income (Loss)

Non-Operating Income (Loss) includes revenue or expenses not related to core business operations, such as interest income or loss on asset sales. It is used to assess the impact of non-core activities on financial performance. This is reported on the Income Statement under non-operating income or expenses.

Operating Cash Flow Per Share

Operating Cash Flow Per Share is operating cash flow divided by shares outstanding, providing a per-share measure of cash generation from core operations. It is used as a cash-based complement to earnings per share. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and balance sheet.

Operating Cash Flow to Net Income

Operating Cash Flow to Net Income is the ratio of operating cash flow to net income, assessing earnings quality. Values consistently above 1 suggest reported profits are backed by cash, while values below 1 can flag aggressive accrual accounting. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.

Operating Cash Flow to Sales

Operating Cash Flow to Sales is operating cash flow divided by total revenue, showing how much cash each dollar of sales generates. It is used to assess the cash quality of revenue. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.

Operating Cycle

The Operating Cycle measures the number of days from acquiring inventory to collecting cash from its sale, calculated as Days Inventory Outstanding plus Days Sales Outstanding. It is used to assess how long capital is tied up in operations. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Operating Expenses

Operating Expenses are costs associated with running day-to-day operations, such as wages, rent, and utilities. They are used to assess operational efficiency and cost management. This is reported on the Income Statement under operating expenses.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating Income (Loss) is the profit or loss from core business activities, excluding non-operating income and expenses. It is used to assess the profitability of core operations. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Operating Income/EV

Operating Income/EV is the ratio of operating income to enterprise value, used to assess how efficiently a company generates profit from its enterprise value. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Operating Margin

Operating Margin is the ratio of operating income to total revenue, indicating the percentage of revenue that remains after covering operating expenses. It is used to evaluate operational efficiency and profitability. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Other Equity

Other Equity includes equity items not classified under common categories, reflecting additional shareholder equity. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Other Financing Activities

Other Financing Activities include cash flows from financing transactions not classified under common categories, affecting the company's capital structure. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Other Investing Activities

Other Investing Activities include cash flows from investment transactions not classified under common categories, affecting the company's investment strategy. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Other Long Term Assets

Other Long Term Assets include non-current assets not classified under common categories, reflecting additional long-term resource allocation. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under long-term assets.

Other Long Term Liabilities

Other Long Term Liabilities include non-current liabilities not classified under common categories, reflecting additional long-term obligations. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under long-term liabilities.

Other Non-Operating Income (Loss)

Other Non-Operating Income (Loss) includes revenue or expenses from activities not related to core business operations, such as rental income or losses from asset sales. This is reported on the Income Statement under non-operating income or expenses.

Other Payables & Accruals

Other Payables & Accruals include short-term obligations not classified under common categories, reflecting additional current liabilities. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current liabilities.

Other Short Term Assets

Other Short Term Assets include current assets not classified under common categories, reflecting additional resource allocation. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current assets.

Other Short Term Liabilities

Other Short Term Liabilities include current liabilities not classified under common categories, reflecting additional short-term obligations. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current liabilities.

Payables & Accruals

Payables & Accruals include amounts owed to suppliers and accrued expenses, reflecting short-term financial obligations. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current liabilities.

Piotroski F-Score

The Piotroski F-Score is a nine-point scoring system designed to assess the financial strength of a company by analyzing profitability, leverage, liquidity, and operating efficiency. Developed by Joseph Piotroski, the F-Score is widely used by value investors to identify financially sound companies, particularly those trading at low price-to-book ratios. The Piotroski F-Score consists of the following nine criteria, each scoring one point:

1. Net Income: Positive net income.
2. Operating Cash Flow: Positive operating cash flow.
3. Return on Assets (ROA): Positive ROA.
4. Quality of Earnings: Operating cash flow exceeds net income.
5. Change in ROA: Improvement in ROA compared to the previous year.
6. Change in Leverage: Decrease in long-term debt-to-assets ratio.
7. Change in Current Ratio: Increase in current ratio.
8. Change in Shares Outstanding: No new shares issued.
9. Change in Gross Margin: Improvement in gross margin.

Interpretation of Piotroski F-Score:

• 8-9: Strong financial health, indicating a fundamentally sound company.
• 5-7: Average financial health, suggesting stability but with room for improvement.
• 0-4: Weak financial health, indicating potential financial distress and higher risk.

The Piotroski F-Score is particularly useful for value investors seeking to identify fundamentally strong companies that are undervalued by the market. This metric uses data from the Income Statement and Balance Sheet, providing a comprehensive assessment of a company's financial condition.

Policy Amortization Costs

Policy Amortization Costs represent the amortization of deferred acquisition costs over the life of the related insurance policies. This metric is used to assess how prior policy acquisition spend flows through current earnings. This is reported on the Income Statement for insurance companies.

Preferred Dividends

Preferred Dividends are dividends paid to preferred shareholders, reflecting the cost of preferred equity. This is reported on the Income Statement under dividends.

Preferred Equity

Preferred Equity represents equity with preferential rights over common stock, reflecting shareholder equity with fixed dividends. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Prepaid Expenses

Prepaid Expenses are payments made for goods or services to be received in the future, reflecting short-term asset allocation. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current assets.

Pretax Income (Loss)

Pretax Income (Loss) is the income or loss before income tax expenses are deducted, reflecting the profitability of core operations. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Pretax Income (Loss), Adj.

Pretax Income (Loss), Adjusted, is the income or loss before income tax expenses are deducted, adjusted for non-recurring items, reflecting core operational profitability. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Pre-Tax Profit Margin

Pre-Tax Profit Margin is pretax income divided by total revenue, showing profitability before the effect of taxes. It is used to compare operating and financing performance across companies without tax rate distortions. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Price to Book Value

Price to Book Value is the ratio of a company's market price to its book value, assessing stock valuation against intrinsic worth. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet and market data.

Price to Earnings Ratio (quarterly)

Price to Earnings Ratio (quarterly) is the ratio of a company's current share price to its quarterly earnings per share, reflecting investor expectations of future earnings. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and market data.

Price to Earnings Ratio (ttm)

Price to Earnings Ratio (ttm) is the ratio of a company's current share price to its earnings per share over the trailing twelve months, smoothing out quarter-to-quarter volatility in earnings. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and market data.

Price to Free Cash Flow (quarterly)

Price to Free Cash Flow (quarterly) is the ratio of a company's market price to its free cash flow over the most recent quarter, assessing stock valuation against cash generation ability. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and market data.

Price to Free Cash Flow (ttm)

Price to Free Cash Flow (ttm) is the ratio of a company's market price to its free cash flow over the trailing twelve months, evaluating the stock's valuation in relation to its cash generation. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and market data.

Price to Gross Profit

Price to Gross Profit is the ratio of a company's market capitalization to its gross profit. It is often used to value high-growth companies that are not yet profitable on a net income basis. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and market data.

Price to Operating Cash Flow

Price to Operating Cash Flow is the ratio of a company's market price to its operating cash flow per share. It is used as a valuation measure that is harder to manipulate than earnings-based multiples. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and market data.

Price to Sales Ratio (quarterly)

Price to Sales Ratio (quarterly) is the ratio of a company's current share price to its revenue per share over the most recent quarter, reflecting investor valuation against sales. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and market data.

Price to Sales Ratio (ttm)

Price to Sales Ratio (ttm) is the ratio of a company's current share price to its revenue per share over the trailing twelve months, evaluating stock valuation against sales performance. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and market data.

Property, Plant & Equipment, Net

Property, Plant & Equipment, Net is the book value of tangible long-term assets after depreciation, indicating the current value of physical assets. This is used to evaluate the remaining useful life and value of these assets. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under non-current assets.

Provision for Credit Losses

Provision for Credit Losses is the expense a lender records to build reserves for loans expected to go unpaid. Rising provisions reduce earnings and can signal deteriorating credit conditions. This is reported on the Income Statement for banks and lending institutions.

Provision for Credit Losses (Cash Flow)

Provision for Credit Losses (Cash Flow) is the non-cash add-back of the credit loss provision when reconciling net income to operating cash flow. This metric is used to assess how much of a lender's reported expense was a reserve build rather than a cash outflow. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under operating activities.

Provision for Loan Losses Growth (1 Year)

Provision for Loan Losses Growth (1 Year) measures the year-over-year percentage change in the amount a lender sets aside for expected loan losses. Rapidly rising provisions can signal deteriorating credit quality in the loan book. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks and lenders.

Provision for Loan Losses Growth (3 Year)

Provision for Loan Losses Growth (3 Year) measures the percentage change in loan loss provisioning over a three-year period. It is used to assess the longer-term trend in credit quality through a cycle. This is a calculated metric using income statement data for banks and lenders.

Purchase of Fixed Assets

Purchase of Fixed Assets represents cash spent on acquiring long-term physical assets, indicating capital investment in growth. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under investing activities.

Quick Ratio

The Quick Ratio measures a company's ability to cover its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets, excluding inventories. It is a stricter liquidity test than the Current Ratio because inventory can be slow to convert to cash. This is a calculated metric using current assets, inventories, and current liabilities from the balance sheet.

R&D to Revenue

R&D to Revenue is research and development expense divided by total revenue, showing how aggressively a company invests in innovation relative to its sales. It is most useful for comparing technology, biotech, and other innovation-driven companies. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Reinsurance Contract Assets

Reinsurance Contract Assets represent amounts recoverable from reinsurers for claims and reserves the insurer has ceded. This metric is used to assess how much of an insurer's risk is offloaded to reinsurers. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset for insurance companies.

Reinsurance Contract Liabilities

Reinsurance Contract Liabilities represent obligations owed under reinsurance agreements, such as premiums payable to reinsurers. This metric is used to assess an insurer's outstanding commitments to its reinsurance partners. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a liability for insurance companies.

Repayments of Long Term Debt

Repayments of Long Term Debt include cash outflows for repaying principal amounts of long-term borrowings, evaluating debt reduction and financial strategy. This is reported on the Cash Flow Statement under financing activities.

Research & Development

Research & Development (R&D) expenses are costs incurred in creating new products or improving existing ones, reflecting innovation efforts. This is used to assess investment in future growth. This is reported on the Income Statement under operating expenses.

Retained Earnings

Retained Earnings represent cumulative net income not distributed as dividends, used to reinvest in the business or pay down debt. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Return on Assets

Return on Assets (ROA) is a profitability ratio indicating how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate net income. It is calculated as net income divided by total assets. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Return on Capital Employed

Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) measures operating profit relative to capital employed (total assets minus current liabilities). It assesses how efficiently a company generates profits from the total capital invested in the business. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Return on Equity

Return on Equity (ROE) measures profitability relative to shareholders' equity, indicating how effectively equity is used to generate profits. It is calculated as net income divided by shareholders' equity. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Return On Invested Capital

Return On Invested Capital (ROIC) measures the return generated on capital invested in the business, assessing overall profitability and capital efficiency. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Return on Tangible Assets

Return on Tangible Assets measures net income relative to total assets excluding goodwill and intangibles. It assesses profitability against the hard asset base, removing the distortion of acquisition-related intangibles. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Revenue

Revenue is the total income generated from sales of goods or services, reflecting the company's primary business activities. It is used to assess business growth and market share. This is reported on the Income Statement under revenue.

Sales Per Share

Sales Per Share is the total sales divided by the number of outstanding shares, providing a per-share measure of revenue generation. This is used to assess revenue performance relative to share count. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement and balance sheet.

Selling, General & Administrative

Selling, General & Administrative (SG&A) expenses include overhead costs not directly tied to production, such as salaries and office supplies. They are used to assess operational efficiency and cost management. This is reported on the Income Statement under operating expenses.

SG&A to Revenue

SG&A to Revenue is selling, general and administrative expense divided by total revenue, showing overhead intensity relative to sales. Declining values over time indicate improving operating leverage. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Share Capital & Additional Paid-In Capital

Share Capital & Additional Paid-In Capital represent funds raised from issuing shares, reflecting the equity base of the company. This is used to assess the company's capital structure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Shareholder Yield

Shareholder Yield combines Dividend Yield, Buyback Yield, and Debt Paydown Yield into a single measure of total capital returned to shareholders. It provides a fuller picture of shareholder-friendly capital allocation than dividends alone. This is a calculated metric using financial statement data and market price.

Shares (Basic)

Shares (Basic) is the total number of common shares outstanding, used to calculate basic earnings per share. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Shares (Diluted)

Shares (Diluted) include all potential shares from convertible securities, used to calculate diluted earnings per share. This is reported on the Income Statement.

Short Term Debt

Short Term Debt includes all debt obligations due within one year, assessing short-term liquidity and financial stability. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current liabilities.

Short Term Investments

Short Term Investments are securities expected to be converted into cash within one year, reflecting short-term investment strategy and liquidity. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current assets.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation includes expenses related to issuing stock options or shares to employees, reflecting compensation strategy and shareholder dilution. This is reported on the Income Statement under operating expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation to Revenue

Stock-Based Compensation to Revenue is stock-based compensation expense divided by total revenue, showing how much of the business is funded by issuing equity to employees. High values flag meaningful shareholder dilution, particularly in growth companies. This is a calculated metric using data from the income statement.

Tangible Book Value

Tangible Book Value is total equity minus goodwill and intangible assets, representing the hard-asset net worth of the company. It is used as a conservative measure of shareholder value, particularly for banks and financials. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Tangible Book Value Per Share

Tangible Book Value Per Share is Tangible Book Value divided by shares outstanding, providing a per-share measure of hard-asset net worth. It is commonly compared against the share price to value banks and asset-heavy businesses. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Total Assets

Total Assets represent the sum of all assets owned by the company, reflecting the resource base for generating revenue. This is reported on the Balance Sheet.

Total Current Assets

Total Current Assets include all assets expected to be converted into cash within one year, assessing short-term financial health and liquidity. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current assets.

Total Current Liabilities

Total Current Liabilities include all obligations due within one year, assessing short-term financial obligations and liquidity. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under current liabilities.

Total Debt

Total Debt includes all short-term and long-term borrowings, reflecting the company's financial leverage and debt management strategy. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under liabilities.

Total Debt to Capitalization

Total Debt to Capitalization measures total debt as a percentage of total capitalization (debt plus equity). It shows what portion of a company's permanent capital comes from borrowing. This is a calculated metric using data from the balance sheet.

Total Deposits

Total Deposits represent the total value of customer deposits held by a bank, including checking, savings, and time deposits. This metric is used to assess a bank's funding base and its capacity to lend. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a liability for banks.

Total Equity

Total Equity represents the residual interest in the company's assets after deducting liabilities, reflecting the net worth owned by shareholders. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Total Investments

Total Investments represent the total value of a company's investment portfolio, including securities held across categories. This metric is used to assess the size of the investment portfolio, which is especially important for insurers and banks that generate income from invested assets. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset.

Total Liabilities

Total Liabilities include all financial obligations of the company, both short-term and long-term, reflecting total financial commitments. This is reported on the Balance Sheet.

Total Liabilities & Equity

Total Liabilities & Equity represent the sum of all liabilities and shareholders' equity, reflecting the total financing of the company's assets. This is reported on the Balance Sheet.

Total Noncurrent Assets

Total Noncurrent Assets include all assets not expected to be converted into cash within one year, reflecting long-term resource allocation. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under non-current assets.

Total Noncurrent Liabilities

Total Noncurrent Liabilities include all obligations not due within one year, reflecting long-term financial commitments. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under non-current liabilities.

Total Non-Interest Expense

Total Non-Interest Expense includes all operating costs of a bank other than interest, such as compensation, occupancy, and technology. It is the numerator in a bank's efficiency ratio and is used to assess cost discipline. This is reported on the Income Statement for banks.

Trading Assets

Trading Assets are securities and other financial instruments a firm holds for the purpose of trading and short-term profit, marked to market value. This metric is used to assess a firm's exposure to market risk through its trading book. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as an asset, common for banks and broker-dealers.

Trading Liabilities

Trading Liabilities are obligations arising from trading activities, such as short positions in securities. This metric is used to assess the liability side of a firm's trading book and its market risk exposure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet as a liability, common for banks and broker-dealers.

Treasury Stock

Treasury Stock represents shares that were issued and later reacquired by the company, reducing the number of outstanding shares. This is used to manage earnings per share and capital structure. This is reported on the Balance Sheet under shareholders' equity.

Unlevered Free Cash Flow

Unlevered Free Cash Flow is the cash a company generates before accounting for interest payments, representing cash available to all capital providers, both debt and equity. It is the standard cash flow input for discounted cash flow valuation. This is a calculated metric using data from the cash flow statement and income statement.